$connection = Mage::getSingleton('core/resource')->getConnection('default_setup');

Then we will use this connection to instanciate Zend_Db_Select object and write query like

$select = new Zend_Db_Select($connection);
$table = 'catalog_product_index_price';
$select->from($table, array('entity_id'))
	->where('entity_id = ?', $entityId);

// Getting result

$result = $select->query();
$rowCount = $result->rowCount();

if ($rowCount) {
	foreach ($result->fetchAll() as $data) {
		return $data['entity_id'];
	}
}

The above one is for select but what about inserting data? It is simple as well. All you have to do is create an associative array of data to be inserted and use connection to add data. For example

$connection = Mage::getSingleton('core/resource')->getConnection('default_setup');
$table = 'catalog_product_index_price';

$insertData = array();
$insertData ['price'] = $productPrice;
$insertData ['final_price'] = $productPrice;
$insertData ['min_price'] = $productPrice;
$insertData ['max_price'] = $productPrice;
$insertData ['tier_price'] = $productPrice;

$connection->insert($table, $insertData);

I think this should be a good enough code for using custom query in Magento. About Zend_Db_Select please visit http://framework.zend.com/manual/en/zend.db.select.html.

[UPDATE]

If you want to update the data with custom query and have a condition then you can send the conditions as array as third params to update function. For example.

$connection = Mage::getSingleton('core/resource')->getConnection('default_setup');
$table = 'catalog_product_index_price';

$updateCond = array(); // Update condition array container.
$insertData = array();
$insertData ['price'] = $productPrice;
$insertData ['final_price'] = $productPrice;
$insertData ['min_price'] = $productPrice;
$insertData ['max_price'] = $productPrice;
$insertData ['tier_price'] = $productPrice;

$updateCond [] = 'store_id = 0';
$updateCond [] = 'entity_id = 3';

$connection->insert($table, $insertData, $updateCond);

Happy Brogramming!!

Almost all the collections found inside app/code/codepool/Namespace/Module/Model/Mysql4/model/Collection.php are the child of parent Class Mage_Core_Model_Mysql4_Collection_Abstract. Primary thing done in the class constructor is initializing its resource and Model. If you look into one of the Collection class you can see in its constructor.

/**
	 * @class Mage_Checkout_Model_Mysql4_Agreement_Collection
     * Initialize resource
     *
     */
    protected function _construct()
    {
        $this->_init('checkout/agreement');
    }

And this _init function has been implemented in its parent class as

/**
     * Standard resource collection initalization
     *
     * @param string $model
     * @return Mage_Core_Model_Mysql4_Collection_Abstract
     */
    protected function _init($model, $resourceModel=null)
    {
        $this->setModel($model);
        if (is_null($resourceModel)) {
            $resourceModel = $model;
        }
        $this->setResourceModel($resourceModel);
        return $this;
    }

The resource class can be found in app/code/codepool/Namespace/Module/Model/Mysql4/model.php. And this resource class in turn initializes the database table to be used in the Module along with the table’s primary key.

class Mage_Checkout_Model_Mysql4_Agreement extends Mage_Core_Model_Mysql4_Abstract
	{

	protected function _construct()
    {
        $this->_init('checkout/agreement', 'agreement_id');
    }
	......
	}

It is this resource class that actually works out the database connections, read/write adapters and performs transactions. So this is the basic deduction about the link of collection with the database and its tables. But how are those collection formed still remains a mystery, not anymore! In this section of the post I will try to explain how are the collections really formed.

If I can, “collection” can be defined as collection or array of its resource. And in Magento case, most of the resources are database’s query results. Simply you can visualize “collection” to be array of your model’s resource. If a “query” in Magento returns a collection of all the products then it would mean that the very collection is an array of all the individual product’s object. But one question still remains how will the database query’s result transform into a Magento “collection“. To understand that we need to understand the collection class and its parents.

The class Structure for Mage_Core_Model_Mysql4_Collection_Abstract is like this.

Mage_Core_Model_Mysql4_Collection_Abstract

|__ Varien_Data_Collection_Db (C)

|__ Varien_Data_Collection (C)

|__ IteratorAggregate (I)

|__ Countable (I)

You can see that all collection implements two Interfaces IteratorAggregate & Countable.

IteratorAggregate is predefined in Standard PHP Library that extends Abstract Base Class Traversable . On using this Interface you can then Iterate Through Object using “foreach” construct. Countable returns the size of the Collection Object.

Among the two Interfaces, IteratorAggregate is particularly important. As you can see in Class Hierarchy both the interfaces are implemented by Varien_Data_Collection concrete class. IteratorAggregate has abstract public method getIterator() which returns the Iterator interface and the concrete Class has to implement the method on its own. It is this Iterator that provides the real iteration functionality. You can get a detailed description about Iterator Here.

So if you look into the Varien_Data_Collection you will find the getIterator() implemented like this.

/**
	 * @class Varien_Data_Collection
     * Implementation of IteratorAggregate::getIterator()
     */
    public function getIterator()
    {
        $this->load();
        return new ArrayIterator($this->_items);
    }

As you can see that it first loads the “items” (I will get back to this Items) and instanciates the value to an internal Class ArrayIterator . And the Iterator returned by this function can then be iterated using foreach construct.

Looks like it is going to be a looonnnnng post, let be summarize what I’ve tried to point out until now. I’ve tried to show the link between the collection class or rather object with the database table and explain the iteration behavior of the collection object. But one question still remains how will the database query’s result transform into a Magento’s “collection“. This is where the “items” explanation need to be done.

“Items” are actually array if individual object (item) of the collection which represents the array of tuple of the database query result. As you see in the snippet above the ArrayIterator takes $this->_items are parameter. But $this->_items are not populated here on Varien_Data_Collection but rather on is child class Varien_Data_Collection_Db. Here’s the snippet from Varien_Data_Collection_Db.

/**
     * Load data
     * @class Varien_Data_Collection_Db
     * @return  Varien_Data_Collection_Db
     */
    public function load($printQuery = false, $logQuery = false)
    {
        if ($this->isLoaded()) {
            return $this;
        }

        $this->_renderFilters()
             ->_renderOrders()
             ->_renderLimit();

        $this->printLogQuery($printQuery, $logQuery);

		// Getting Data from DB
        $data = $this->getData();

        $this->resetData();

        if (is_array($data)) {

		    // Looping on each result row
            foreach ($data as $row) {
			    // Creating Empty "item" Varien_Object's object
                $item = $this->getNewEmptyItem();

                if ($this->getIdFieldName()) {
                    $item->setIdFieldName($this->getIdFieldName());
                }

				// Setting Varien_Object's values to that of the row
                $item->addData($row);

				/**
				* Adding the "item" to the collection @class Varien_Data_Collection
				* So while referring to $this->_items @class Varien_Data_Collection it will return array of this "item"
				*/
                $this->addItem($item);
            }

        }

        $this->_setIsLoaded();
        $this->_afterLoad();
        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Get all data array for collection
     * @class Varien_Data_Collection_Db
     * @return array
     */
    public function getData()
    {
        if ($this->_data === null) {
            $this->_renderFilters()
                 ->_renderOrders()
                 ->_renderLimit();

			// Fetching all the row with the Select query set
            $this->_data = $this->_fetchAll($this->_select);
            $this->_afterLoadData();
        }
        return $this->_data;
    }

You can go through the inline comments I’ve added. This is it, I’ve finally worked out the explanation of structure & creation of Magento’s Collection and its iterative behavior. I’ve tried to show pictorially (below) what I have just described. Confused! Plz comment and of course please do comment if I am wrong, because there are “times” when you try to understand things even though they actually aren’t just like you think. I’d like to quote Paulo :“I see the world in terms of what I would like to see happen, not what actually does”!

Rewrite you catalog/product/view controller and add that logic.
Rewrite Block of that page and show error message accordingly.
Any other..?

Yeha, I do have another option as well. The Event-Observer Method. You can observe an event controller_action_predispatch_catalog_product_view and set up an observer where you can write your own logic there and redirect accordingly.

You can observe that event by setting up your config something like this.

<controller_action_predispatch_catalog_product_view>
	<observers>
		<mymodel>
			<type>singleton</type>
			<class>mymodel/controller_observer</class>
			<method>controller_action_predispatch_catalog_product_view</method>
		</mymodel>
	</observers>
</controller_action_predispatch_catalog_product_view>

And on the observer’s controller_action_predispatch_catalog_product_view method, you can check your logic for visibiliy of that product to the logged in user group and redirect if not visible.

Here’s the main point of this post (Did I take a lot of your time ?), in that same method you can directly redirect using the following snippet of code.

Mage::app()->getResponse()->setRedirect(Mage::getUrl("myrouter/mycontroller/noview"));

Adding an error message to the session would be a good idea, for user to understand what is happening. Else you can directly call a template in the redirected controller’s action with appropriate message.

I think this sums up the post for now..and as always hoping it helps somebody and waiting for the response.

Below is the code how I created those links using Custom SQL. But I have to tell you that the former methods looks organized, this is just a work around to a situation. You might know what I am trying to say!

$resource 	= Mage :: getSingleton( 'core/resource' );
$read= $resource -> getConnection( 'core_read' );
$write= $resource->getConnection('core_write');
$linkTable=$resource->getTableName('catalog/product_link');

// Creating Upsell Product link

$write->query("INSERT into $linkTable SET
							product_id='".$productId."',
							linked_product_id='".$linkProduct."',
							link_type_id='".Mage_Catalog_Model_Product_Link::LINK_TYPE_UPSELL."'
			");

// Creating Related Product link

$write->query("INSERT into $linkTable SET
							product_id='".$productId."',
							linked_product_id='".$linkProduct."',
							link_type_id='".Mage_Catalog_Model_Product_Link::LINK_TYPE_RELATED."'
			");

// Creating Crosssell Product Link
$write->query("INSERT into $linkTable SET
							product_id='".$productId."',
							linked_product_id='".$linkProduct."',
							link_type_id='".Mage_Catalog_Model_Product_Link::LINK_TYPE_CROSSSELL."'
			");

Happy Coding!

I have not drilled down to the details of collection, untill today when I really need it! Do you think its very late? because I have been into Magento for more than a year now!. Better late than never! So, I got the way of working out my situation. Here is how I created a collection from Magento’s “Magical Class” Varien_Data_Collection. I call this “Magical Class”, because it worked like a Magic to me

$collection=new Varien_Data_Collection();
$collection->addItem($objProduct);

There are various other functions in this class you might need to “work around” a problem. So, have a look and certainly do comment if you also think this class to be a Magical Class!

$order = Mage::getModel('sales/order')->load($order_id);
$items = $order->getAllItems();
$itemcount=count($items);
$name=array();
$unitPrice=array();
$sku=array();
$ids=array();
$qty=array();
foreach ($items as $itemId => $item)
{
	$name[] = $item->getName();
	$unitPrice[]=$item->getPrice();
	$sku[]=$item->getSku();
	$ids[]=$item->getProductId();
	$qty[]=$item->getQtyToInvoice();
}

Hope this might “just” help somebody in need.

$collection = Mage::getResourceModel('customer/customer_collection')
				->addNameToSelect()
				->addAttributeToSelect('email')
				->addAttributeToSelect('created_at')
				->addAttributeToSelect('group_id')
				->joinAttribute('billing_street', 'customer_address/street', 'default_billing', null, 'left')
				->joinAttribute('billing_postcode', 'customer_address/postcode', 'default_billing', null, 'left')
				->joinAttribute('billing_city', 'customer_address/city', 'default_billing', null, 'left')
				->joinAttribute('billing_telephone', 'customer_address/telephone', 'default_billing', null, 'left')
				->joinAttribute('billing_fax', 'customer_address/fax', 'default_billing', null, 'left')
				->joinAttribute('billing_region', 'customer_address/region', 'default_billing', null, 'left')
				->joinAttribute('billing_country_code', 'customer_address/country_id', 'default_billing', null, 'left')

				->joinAttribute('shipping_street', 'customer_address/street', 'default_shipping', null, 'left')
				->joinAttribute('shipping_postcode', 'customer_address/postcode', 'default_shipping', null, 'left')
				->joinAttribute('shipping_city', 'customer_address/city', 'default_shipping', null, 'left')
				->joinAttribute('shipping_telephone', 'customer_address/telephone', 'default_shipping', null, 'left')
				->joinAttribute('shipping_fax', 'customer_address/fax', 'default_shipping', null, 'left')
				->joinAttribute('shipping_region', 'customer_address/region', 'default_shipping', null, 'left')
				->joinAttribute('shipping_country_code', 'customer_address/country_id', 'default_shipping', null, 'left')
				->joinAttribute('taxvat', 'customer/taxvat', 'entity_id', null, 'left');

Hope this helps somebody!

The idea is simply to get the core connection object and use its functions to run your query.

<?php
// For Read

// fetch read database connection that is used in Mage_Core module
$read= Mage::getSingleton('core/resource')->getConnection('core_read');
$value=$read->query("SE...");
$row = $value->fetch();

print_r($row); // As Array

// For Write

// fetch write database connection that is used in Mage_Core module
$write = Mage::getSingleton('core/resource')->getConnection('core_write');

// now $write is an instance of Zend_Db_Adapter_Abstract
$write->query("insert into tablename values ('aaa','bbb','ccc')");

?>

1. Only Echoing Query String.
For just echoing the query string you must call printlogquery(), method the the collection. Like.

/** If $collection is your collection**/
$collection->printlogquery(true);
/** Don't forget to write true in param**/

But by this method you cannot assign the query you get echoed to some variable. To get the query string here is what you do.

2. Getting the query String

$query=$collection->getSelectSql(true);
echo $query;

You can then use this $query to concat with more query, in some cases you desperately need this.

Stay Tuned!